![]() In summary, the type of interdependence determines in large part the degree of interrelationship that develops among two or more groups. The two units are highly dependent on each other, thereby requiring a high degree of interaction. On the other hand, without consumer information from marketing, product engineering might not know what to manufacture. For example, without product engineering, the marketing department would have nothing to sell. Reciprocal interdependence occurs when two or more groups depend on one another for inputs. For example, the manufacturing department in a company is clearly dependent on the purchasing department for the success of its own operation, whereas the purchasing department is much less dependent on manufacturing. Sequential interdependence exists when the outputs of one unit or group become the inputs for another. Although produced separately, both kinds of products come together in the shipping department, and both represent products of the same company. In a factory setting, pooled interdependence can be seen in a company with two distinct manufacturing divisions e.g., one for consumer products and one for industrial products. For example, although the physics and music departments may not interact frequently, both contribute to the larger goals of the university, and both use university resources. Pooled interdependence occurs when various groups are largely independent of one another, even though each contributes to and is supported by the larger organization. Group interdependence takes three primary forms (see Exhibit 9.11): Exhibit 9.11 Three Types of Group Interdependence (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license) The amount of interaction required is determined by the extent and nature of the groups’ interdependence. To successfully achieve corporate objectives, organizations must achieve enough intergroup interaction to coordinate resource allocation and utilization. Interdependence requirements relate to the frequency and quality of interactions among groups high-quality interaction is required for successful task accomplishment. Exhibit 9.10 A Model of Intergroup Behavior and Performance (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license) The quality of intergroup performance is affected by the extent to which all parties to the interaction can meet these requirements. ![]() Within this context, performance is largely influenced by three types of interaction requirements: interdependence requirements, information flow requirements, and integration requirements. Each group has its own characteristics and uniqueness, but both operate within the larger confines of organizational policies, culture, reward systems, and so forth. As shown, intergroup behavior occurs when two groups intersect. To understand how groups interact with one another, it is important to identify the primary variables that characterize intergroup behavior.27 We can do this by suggesting a model of intergroup performance.
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